Is Gambling Addiction Genetic?

Gambling addiction, often referred to as pathological gambling or gambling disorder, is a serious issue affecting millions of individuals worldwide. In the U.S. alone, between 1% and 2% of the adult population, or approximately 2 to 4 million adults, will experience a gambling disorder at some point in their lives. 

One interesting aspect of this addiction is the role genetics may play in its development. Are some people more predisposed to gambling addiction due to their genetic makeup? 

The Role of Genetics in Addiction

Research suggests that genetics can significantly influence an individual's susceptibility to developing gambling addiction. This doesn't mean that someone is destined to become addicted if they have a genetic predisposition, but it does indicate that certain genetic factors can increase the risk.

Family History and Heredity

If there is a history of gambling addiction or other addictive behaviors in the family, the likelihood of developing a gambling addiction increases. This risk is partly due to inherited genetic factors and partly due to environmental influences, such as exposure to gambling behaviors and attitudes within the family.

Hereditary patterns in addiction have been observed in numerous studies. For instance, children of parents with gambling addictions are more likely to develop similar issues. This pattern suggests that while environmental factors like family dynamics and exposure play a role, there is also a strong genetic component that predisposes individuals to addiction. Studies have shown that siblings and close relatives of individuals with gambling addiction are also at a higher risk of developing impulsivity and engaging in risk-taking behaviors.

Genes That Drive Addiction

Several specific genes have been linked to addiction, playing major roles in the brain's chemistry and influencing behavior: 

• Monoamine Oxidase A (MAO-A) Gene: This gene is responsible for producing an enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the brain. Variations in the MAO-A gene can affect the levels of these neurotransmitters, influencing mood and behavior. People with certain variants of the MAO-A gene may be more prone to impulsive behaviors and addiction, including gambling.

• Dopamine D2 Receptor (DRD2) Gene: The DRD2 gene influences the availability of dopamine receptors in the brain. Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter in the brain's reward system. Variations in the DRD2 gene can result in fewer dopamine receptors, leading individuals to seek out activities, such as gambling, that increase dopamine levels to experience pleasure.

• Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) Gene: This gene affects the breakdown of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex, an area of the brain involved in decision-making and impulse control. Variations in the COMT gene can lead to differences in dopamine levels, which may contribute to addictive behaviors and poor impulse control.

Environmental Influences on Gambling Addiction

When looking at the role genetics play in addiction, it’s also essential to look at environmental influences on addiction. Various aspects of an individual's environment can influence their likelihood of developing addictive behaviors, including family dynamics, early exposure, societal attitudes, and peer influences.

Childhood and Upbringing

Early exposure to gambling, whether through family members who gamble or through witnessing gambling activities, can normalize the behavior and increase the risk of developing a gambling addiction. Children who grow up in households where gambling is prevalent may come to see it as a normal and acceptable activity, making them more likely to engage in gambling themselves. In fact, children who are introduced to “harmless betting” are four times more likely to engage in problem gambling later on in life. 

Parenting styles and family dynamics also impact the likelihood of developing a gambling addiction. Parents who set clear boundaries and communicate openly about the risks of gambling can help reduce the likelihood of their children developing gambling problems. Conversely, permissive or neglectful parenting can contribute to a lack of understanding about the dangers of gambling. Additionally, family stressors, such as financial difficulties or parental substance abuse, can increase the risk of children turning to gambling as a coping mechanism.

Social and Cultural Factors

In cultures where gambling is widely accepted and even celebrated, individuals may be more likely to view gambling as a harmless pastime. This normalization can lead to higher rates of gambling participation and, consequently, a greater risk of addiction. Media portrayals of gambling, such as glamorous depictions in movies and advertisements, can also contribute to a positive perception of gambling.

Additionally, being part of a social group where gambling is a common activity can increase the likelihood of participating in gambling. Peer groups can influence attitudes towards gambling, making it seem more acceptable or even necessary to fit in. Additionally, cultural norms that favor risk-taking and competition can further encourage gambling behavior, increasing the risk of developing an addiction.

The Interaction Between Genetics and Environment

According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIH), genes and environmental stressors on gene expression account for 40 to 60 percent of an individual's risk of addiction. The relationship between genetics and environment highlights the need to consider both elements when addressing gambling addiction.

Gene-Environment Interaction

While genetic predispositions can increase an individual's vulnerability, early-life stressors and stressful life events can either exacerbate or mitigate this risk. For example, a person with a genetic predisposition to impulsive behavior may be more likely to develop a gambling addiction if they experience significant stressors such as parental neglect, abuse, or traumatic events during childhood. On the other hand, a supportive environment with strong parental guidance, emotional support, and effective stress management strategies can help counteract genetic vulnerabilities, reducing the likelihood of developing gambling addiction.

Epigenetics and Addiction

Epigenetics is the study of how behaviors and environmental factors can cause changes in gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence. These changes can turn genes on or off and influence how cells read genes, impacting various aspects of an individual's health and behavior, including their susceptibility to addiction.

Factors such as stress, diet, exposure to toxins, and social interactions can all lead to epigenetic modifications. For instance, chronic stress or exposure to traumatic events can alter gene expression in ways that increase the likelihood of developing addictive behaviors. Similarly, positive lifestyle choices, such as regular physical activity and strong social support, can promote healthy gene expression and reduce addiction risk.

Get Treated for Gambling Addiction

Gambling addiction is a complex issue influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Understanding the relationship between these factors can help in identifying the root causes and developing effective treatment strategies. If you or a loved one is struggling with gambling addiction, it's important to seek help as soon as possible. Early intervention can make a big difference in overcoming this challenging condition.

Sources: 

Recreational gamblers with and without parental addiction - Psychiatric Research 

Siblings of problem gamblers also impulsive, prone to risk-taking - University of British Columbia

Role of monoamine Oxidase A (MAOA) in drug addiction - Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 

Evidence for the DRD2 Gene as a Determinant of Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) - Clinical and Experimental Psychology

Catechol-O-methyltransferase activity in individuals with substance use disorders: a case control study - BMC Psychiatry

Teens gambling. It’s a risk. - Commonwealth of Massachusetts 

Social influences normalize gambling-related harm among higher risk gamblers - Journal of Behavioral Addictions

Drugs, Brains, and Behavior: The Science of Addiction - National Institute on Drug Abuse

The Influence of Gene–Environment Interactions on the Development of Alcoholism and Drug Dependence - Current Psychiatry Reports

DNA Epigenetics in Addiction Susceptibility - Frontiers